1. Fundamental quantities of nature. Systems in equilibrium, in motion with constant acceleration and non-constant acceleration. Frames of reference and Galilean Relativity.
2. Linear Motion – Newton’s three laws of motion; forces, linear momentum, impulse, work done, kinetic energy, potential energy, torque and pressure; conservation laws; collisions; systems with variable masses; rockets. Force fields - gravitation; concept of field; conservative fields; Gauss’ law; superposition.
3. Rotational motion – Orbits & Kepler’s laws; angular speed and momentum; moment of inertia; rotational dynamics; parallel and perpendicular axes theorems; kinetic energy; gyroscopes.

Prerequisite: Physics and Maths at A or H2 level, or equivalents.
Not available to students who have taken or are taking PH1011, PH1012, PH1101, PH114S, PH1801, or CY1308.

1. Electric fields – Coulomb’s law, the electric field and potential; Gauss’ law; capacitors and capacitance; currents of electricity; Ohm’s Law; microscopic model of electrical conduction; Kirchoff’s laws; RC circuits.
2. Magnetic fields – Biot-Savart’s Law and Ampere’s law; the Lorentz force; the Hall effect; mass spectrometers; JJ Thompson’s experiment on the electron charge-mass ratio; magnetic flux; Gauss’s law of magnetism; Faraday’s and Lenz’s laws; transformers; inductors and inductance.
3. Electrical circuits – voltage, current and resistance; oscillations in circuits; LC circuits and relative phases; complex descriptions of current, voltage, and impedance; LCR circuits and electrical resonance; high pass and low pass filters.
4. Electromagnetic Waves – properties of electromagnetic waves; the Poynting vector.

1. Schrodinger wave equation – Born’s interpretation of wave functions; expectation values; time-independent Schrodinger equation; required properties of eigenfunctions; energy quantization in Schrodinger theory; quantum superposition.
2. Solutions of time-independent Schrodinger equation – plane-wave solutions; step potential; barrier potential; quantum tunneling (with examples in radioactive alpha-decay, ammonia molecule, tunnel diode, scanning tunneling microscope, etc.); square well potential; simple harmonic oscillator potential.
3. One-electron atoms – central potentials; development of the Schrodinger equation in 3-dimensions; separation of variables; eigenvalues, quantum numbers and degeneracy; eigenfunctions; probability densities; orbital angular momentum; eigenvalue equations.
4. Magnetic dipole moments and spin – orbital magnetic dipole moments; the Stern-Gerlach experiment and electron spin; spin-orbit interaction; total angular momentum.
   
   

1. Thermodynamic equilibrium; functions of state; equations of state; perfect gases and absolute zero; the zeroth law of thermodynamics.
   
2. The first law of thermodynamics – work, heat, and internal energy; adiabatic, reversible and irreversible changes; heat engines, efficiency, and Carnot cycles.
3. Clausius' theorem and the Second law of thermodynamics.
4. Fundamental equations of thermodynamics; phase changes and latent heat; enthalpy, Helmholtz free energy and Gibb's energy; Maxwell relations; the reciprocity theorem.
5. The third law of thermodynamics.
6. Kinetic theory – Maxwell distribution of velocities; pressure and effusion; mean free path; thermal conductivity and viscosity.
7. Heat transport – conduction, radiation, and convection as transport mechanisms; heat flux and heat diffusion equation; steady-state and initial-value problems; sinusoidally varying surface temperatures.

1. Properties of optical waves – refraction and dispersion; interference; the Michelson interferometer; Fraunhofer and Fresnel diffraction; the resolution limit; Fourier transformations; holography.
2. Polarization; birefringence and wave plates; Fabry-Perot etalons; optical coatings; zone plates.

1. Postulats of quantum mechanics - quantum states and operators; wavefunctions; orthogonality and completeness; degeneracies; symmetries and conservation laws; the quantum-classical correspondence.
2. Angular momentum – operators, eigenvalues and eigenstates of angular momentum; parity and rotational invariance; the hydrogen atom; angular momentum quantum numbers.
3. Time-independent perturbation theory – non-degenerate eigenvalues; first and second order corrections; degenerate perturbation theory; the variational principle.

1. Superconductivity – Drude theory of conduction in normal metals; superconductor properties; the Meissner effect; perfect diamagnetism; type I and type II superconductors; the London equation; Ginzburg-Landau theory; the superconducting phase transition; gauge symmetries and spontaneous symmetry breaking; the Abrikosov flux lattice; macroscopic coherent states; field operators; off-diagonal long-range order; the Josephson effect and its application in the Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID); introduction to the BCS theory.
2. Superfluids – superfluid helium-4; macroscopic wave functions, flow quantization; rotating superfluids and vortices; phonon and roton excitations; the Tisza-Landau two-fluid model; superfluid helium-3; unconventional superconductivity.
3. Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) – Bose-Einstein statistics; BEC in ultra-cold atomic gases; the Gross-Pitaevskii equation.

1. Phase planes and critical points; free and damped oscillators; prey-predator models; extensions to three-dimensional phase space and beyond, e.g. rotation of rigid bodis and the Lorenz system.
2. Integrable and non-integrable systems; Poincaré return maps.
3. Discrete dynamics – 1D and 2D maps; fixed points and stability; period doubling; shift map and logistic map.
   
4. Chaos theory – sensitivity to initial conditions (the butterfly effect); Lyapunov exponents; limits to predictability; strange attractors and fractal dimensions; the Kepler problem.
5. Stable and unstable manifolds – homoclinic and heteroclinic tangle; lobes and turnstile transport; particle motion in 2D incompressible fluids.                                                                               
6. Prerequisite: PH2104.

1. Waveguide optics – optical fibres; crystal optics.
   
2. Light sources and detectors – optoelectronic interactions in semiconductors; photovoltaic devices; liquid crystal optics; flat panel displays.

1. Scattering theory – formulation of scattering experiments; Born approximations; Green's function methods; bound and free states; resonances; Fermi's golden rule.
2. Many-body quantum mechanics – quantum postulates for many-body systems; quantum entanglement; the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox and Bell's inequalities; the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics.
3. Identical particles – exchange symmetry; bosons and fermions; creation and annihilation operators, and second quantization; coherent states; the Pauli exclusion principle; quantum field theories.
4. Quantum electrodynamics – the electromagnetic Hamiltonian; gauge symmetry and the Aharanov-Bohm effect; Dirac's equation; quantization of the electromagnetic field; photons; electromagnetic radiation; electromagnetic shifts of electronic energy levels.

1. Thermodynamics of surface phenomena – electronic structures; phase transitions; elementary excitations; physisorption and chemisorption; energy transfer.
2. Schottky barrier and band offsets in semiconductors; band engineering.
3. Analytical techniques – scanning tunneling microscopy; electron diffraction methods; photoemission; ballistic electron emission microscopy.

1. Properties of nuclei – nuclear radii, masses, and abundances; binding energies; spins and electromagnetic moments.
2. Nuclear structure – deuterons; nucleon-nucleon scattering and exchange forces; the semi-empirical mass formula; the Fermi gas model; the shell model; liquid drop models with vibrational and rotational excitations; collective structure.
3. Selection rules for alpha, beta and gamma decay processes.
4. Nuclear lifetimes; applications of nuclear physics including fusion and fission processes.
5. Nuclear reactors and nuclear power – neutron difussion and moderation; radiation protection and radiation shielding; safety and the environment.

1. Introductory concepts – basic concepts in probability and statistics; low- and high-frequency data in economics and finance; Gaussian and fat-tailed return distributions.
2. Time series – autocorrelations, memory, and nonstationarity; cross correlations in financial markets; time series clustering.
   
3. Random matrix theory.
4. Correlation filtering and minimal spanning trees.
5. Agent-based models of financial markets.

Prerequisite: PH3201 or MH2500.

1. Fundamentals of magnetism – origins of magnetism;  exchange interactions; types of magnetic materials and their properties; origins of magnetic hysteresis.
2. Magnetic recording – components of magnetic recording media; recent developments.
   
3. Magnetic random access memory – magnetoresistance; giant magnetoresistance; tunneling magnetoresistance; MRAM devices; emerging concepts in MRAM.

1. Data structures for scientific programming – arrays; runtime and memory scaling analysis; numerical linear algebra; numerical eigenvalue problem solvers.
2. Monte Carlo method for statistical mechanics simulation. Optimization and data analysis.
3. Discretization schemes – finite-difference methods; sparse matrices; numerical integration; discrete Fourier transforms.
4. Monte Carlo methods – Markov chains; the Markov chain Monte Carlo method for statistical modeling.

1. Basic properties of the atmosphere – temperature structure; potential temperature; entropy models; hydrostatic balance and geopotential; pressure coordinates.
2. Radiative balance of the Earth – radiative transfer; ozone-layer; the greenhouse effect.
3. Fluid dynamics on the planet surface – geostrophic flow; cyclones and anticyclones; thermal-wind balance; Hadley circulation; global wind circulation;  static stability and the Brunt-Vassala frequency; gravity waves; Rossby waves.
4. Thermal convection; adiabatic lapse rate; moist adiabat; radiative-convective equilibrium.
5. The Antarctic ozone hole; global warming and climate change.

1. Semiconductor physics – electronic band structures of semiconductors; electronic properties of defects; charge carrier concentrations; drift of carriers in electric and magnetic fields; diffusion and recombination of excess carriers; p-n junction physics; junction diodes; tunnel diodes; bipolar junction transistors; metal-semiconductor contacts; metal-insulator-semiconductor interfaces; MOSFET and advanced FinFET.
2. Magnetic materials and devices – origins of magnetism; ferromagnetism; magnetisation-reversal processes; magnetic domain walls; soft and hard magnetic materials; giant magnetoresistance; tunnelling magnetoresistance; magnetic random access memory (MRAM); magnetic recording media.

1. Introduction to acoustics – the wave equation; reflection processes; equivalent network modes; pistons; the Rayleigh integral.
   
2. Solutions to the wave equation – sound speed profiles; 2D parabolic wave equation; underwater acoustic modelling; sound propagation in the ocean.
3. Sonar equations – reflection, scattering, and backscattering processes; sonar systems and their applications in target detection and ranging.
4. Bioacoustics – sound generation and sound perception in human beings; frequency resolution of the cochlea; sound propagation; transmission losses; sound exposure levels and impacts on marine environments; technological applications.
5. Medical ultrasound – introduction to diagnostic ultrasound; sound emission from bubbles; therapeutic ultrasound.

1. Physics of the atmosphere, wind and oceans; thermodynamics of the weather; solar energy; the greenhouse effect and global warming.
2. Modeling of pollution diffusion and dispersion.
3. Remote sensing and detection methods; hydrology; planetary science; field courses.

Principles and applications of circuits in an experimental research environment. The course includes lab sessions, which focus on hands-on prototyping of circuits and a circuit design project.

1. Analog and digital electronics – circuit elements; tools for circuit design and board layout.
2. Typical circuits in scientific instrumentation for data acquisition and signal processing.

1. Thin film growth techniques – principles of thin-film deposition and growth; chemical vapour deposition; physical vapour deposition; pulsed laser deposition; electron beam epitaxy; applications in semiconductor devices.
   
2. Factors determining film growth mode and quality – gas kinetics; adsorption; surface diffusion; nucleation.
3. Characterization techniques – X-ray diffraction; scanning electron microscopy; transmission electron microscopy; atomic force microscopy.

Prerequisite: PH2302.